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Tuesday, September 15, 2020

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Friday, September 11, 2020

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Thursday, September 10, 2020

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Monday, September 7, 2020

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Friday, September 4, 2020

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Thursday, September 3, 2020

Research Paper

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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

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Friday, August 28, 2020

How To Write The Introduction Of Your Development Economics Paper

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Wednesday, August 26, 2020

eight Sequential Steps To Write A First Rough Draft Of A Research Paper From Start To Finish

eight Sequential Steps To Write A First Rough Draft Of A Research Paper From Start To Finish Many early academics I know are actually attempting to decide on between children or profession. In this case, I had an in depth good friend ON the hiring committee, I worked my ass off for two months ensuring Iâ€™d do stellar interviews with them, and it was all for naught. Also keep in mind in the transition while a small piece of something massive is best than a large piece of nothing, donâ€™t promote your self brief! The abilities you could have gained within the academy are very valuable and shall be undermined should you do so first. I was until January of this 12 months a tenured Full Professor of Finance at a serious University in my nation. There are several items on one hundred link that I can establish with but maybe the three relating to internal politics, wage scales and delayed social life are particularly relevant. Iâ€™m an excellent-sensible man who does a ton of research on every thing. I've put my family in horrible debt and I actually have nothing to indicate for it. My kids make feedback that I'll never get a college job and my oldest son is disillusioned by college because of my failure to finish my doctorate and discover a job. I look at him and marvel if he sees me as a failure. I hope he does not but I do not know for positive as a result of I'm afraid to ask him. I've worked my butt off and know I'd be a great professor but no one will give me an opportunity. So, the subsequent time you feel so sorry for yourself think about all of the me's in the world who can't even get within the door. My students have gotten more and more tougher to teach each semester, a difficulty I really feel is exacerbated by my overload of every little thing. I feel like, when my head is within the sport, I am a rattling good instructor, but presently a scholar is difficult my religion in my capacity. Mediocrity is widely known and promoted in my department â€" most tenure stream professors in my dept. have few publications and degrees from regional, mediocre universities. I regularly have a senior, tenured full professor come to me at the start of every semester and ask me to give him my course syllabus in order that he can put his name on it and use it as his own. I am not writing any of this to complain â€" I even have a job and 12 months after 12 months I willingly proceed to return to this five 5 tremendous instructor position. However, I even have struggled to know the motivation behind the collegeâ€™s repeated selections to reject my Chairâ€™s tenure monitor requests. I work so hard and so much that I can not often assist my children with their homework and have stress related well being issues. D Berger, thank you on your useful perception â€" and thanks to the weblog author and others who have posted right here. I am one of many â€œonerous working non tenure trackâ€ instructors being stored out of tenure stream by unknown however powerful entities higher on the meals chain. I even have taught part time and full time for ten years at a small public liberal arts establishment that isn't Research One and is supposed to have a strong educating emphasis. I was caring for children and teaching half time years in the past when my Dept. Chair referred to as me and begged me to take a four-4 load for a small wage with no advantages to assist cover for a tenured school member who was on sick depart. My specialty is all languages and writing techniques, especially hieroglyphic ones , combining linguistics, anthropology, religion, historical past. Except to try and play hardball and negotiate an extension with the non-educational place to be able to a minimum of fly out to go to the university jobs. I made the required youngster care arrangements and took the place. The process of engaging in research offers a framework for which to conceptually perceive the world around usâ€"with out it, how does one inquire, be taught, teachâ€"think? Students donâ€™t know whatâ€™s relevant and what isnâ€™tâ€"They want love â€"and professors who know what theyâ€™re talking about. Would you be keen to write a visitor submit about your expertise? Iâ€™m a postdoc in the midst of the job market course of. I have a job supply from a non-tutorial analysis organization and two presents for a fly-out for a tenured-observe school position at two pretty good universities. But, Iâ€™m also very torn as a result of I feel like I would be giving up on a doubtlessly amazing alternative to be a tenure-observe faculty. Iâ€™m additionally ashamed to tell my advisor and different colleagues that Iâ€™m unsure I need the tutorial observe anymore. This decision has been keeping me up for nights on an end. It does really feel like academia is an intellectual cult and Iâ€™m ashamed/scared to depart. I donâ€™t assume anyone right here is saying there are not any horrible jobs exterior of academia, however academia is a life-consuming profession selection, particularly if you get in young. For instance itâ€™s exhausting to begin a household if you and your associate are on completely different continents. And also, you possibly can inform the universities that you've a time constraint. I guess my advice is, attempt some negotiating before you just turn into a victim of timing.

eight Sequential Steps To Write A First Rough Draft Of A Research Paper From Start To Finish

Sunday, August 2, 2020

interview joy buolamwini

interview joy buolamwini i mentioned joy in a blog post a few weeks ago, when she won the $50000 grand prize in the search for hidden figures contest. ive been a huge fan of joys work ever since i read her blog post on inclusive coding, or incoding. shes a fulbright fellow and a rhodes scholar, and now shes at the center for civic media, working on projects that empower communities via tech education and highlight bias in algorithms. i had the distinct privilege of chatting with her last week and we had a fun conversation about algorithmic bias, surveillance, and her work at the media lab. check it out: * * * * * learn more about: the ALGORITHMIC JUSTICE LEAGUE the CENTER FOR CIVIC MEDIA the MEDIA LAB * * * * * some snippets: (on algorithmic bias) (and how facial recognition software wont detect her face unless shes wearing a white mask): This was an issue Id run into when I was an undergraduate. I went to Georgia Tech and did my bachelors in computer science, and I used to work in a social robots lab. And some of the projects I did there involved computer vision, and in that contextI had a hard time being picked up [by facial recognition software]. I would end up borrowing my roommates face to get the job done So I started exploring that a little bit. Why was this happening? Was it just about my facial features, was it about the illumination, was it about the pose, what was going on? And then I read this report called the Perpetual Line-Up, which talks about unregulated use of facial recognition in the United States, and it showed that one in two adults 117 million people in the US have their faces in facial recognition databases that can currently be searched unwarranted, using algorithms that havent been audited for accuracy. Heres the catch: with some initial tests to see the demographic accuracy of some of these facial recognition systems, they saw that the systems performed worse for women overall, worse for people who were considered younger (under 24), and worse overall for people of color so its not just me, having one bad incident! This is something a bit more systematic. (on why it matters) So lets look into the realm of law enforcementbecause here thats where you have the potential issue of having civil liberties being breached, and also you start going into the realm of disparate impact. Is this technology that were using being targeted to a specific demographic more than another? What I was very concerned about was misidentification if Im tagged as somebody else [on Facebook], okay, maybe its funny, maybe its offensive, but perhaps its not as high stakes as if Im misidentified as a criminal suspect. (about being at the center for civic media) I do not know if Algorithmic Justice League would have existed had I not been a part of the Center for Civic Mediajust having the freedom to explore ideas that might not always resonate with the core technical leanings of a space like MIT. Were definitely looking at the social impact of technology, so its not, Can we make it bigger, faster, stronger, more efficient, smaller? But starting at, Should we be doing this in the first place? Starting at issues of power: who has control? who gets to decide and why, and what does that tell us about society? And so in exploring this, I could have viewed my face not being consistently detected as, Oh, this is a technical challenge but being in the space of the Center for Civic Media definitely orients me to [say], This is not just a technical challenge this is as much a reflection of society as other spaces where you see inequities that need to be addressed. Post Tagged #admissions interview #Center for Civic Media #MIT Media Lab #sound recording

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Own Hospitality Business Economics Essay

Introduction While at my early level of education I had a compelling drive within that one day I be one of the accommodation service providers in the country. Hospitality entails a lot of dealing with people which even made it more interesting and appealing to me. On completing my university education I was immediately absorbed in one of the leading hotel service providers in the country, Hilton Hotel. I encountered and dealt with several people of different walks. This gave me experience enough, and after working with Hilton Hotel for five years, I decided to quit my job and start my own business. Right now I have started my own Hospitality business in the name of Downtown CafÃƒ © situated along one of the major highway and sandwiched between the Nairobi National park and Nairobi University in the city. My business mainly provides restaurant services.Ã‚ In proper management of a business, the following are the key areas I would like to identify my business with: A.) Demand and Supply The experience I gained at Hilton Hotel taught me a lot about handling, maintaining and winning new customers. For the smooth running of a business, product and service supply should be consistent. With regard to these I will discuss demand and supply separately. Lee (1998, P. 115) explains that demand is the steady request of an item or service in the market for consumption or use by the consumer or customer. My target customers are mainly students and tourists who come there for refreshments and food. As for the Hospitality service which I render, itsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ demand to remain high, the following vital concepts must be taken into consideration: First, great service is not enough; customers need to have personal bond with my employees say waiters. This helps me in maintaining new customers thus making it impossible to lose them to my competitors. Hospitality is not only about excellent products, it also demands dialogue, listening to the customerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s needs and attending to them accordingly. Incorporate this aspect in your business and succeed successfully. Second, my employees come first and customers come second. What do I mean? I believe in meeting the needs of my employees first as a key role. By so doing, they will all be willing to meet the business standards by rendering quality service to my customers. This is a very ideal factor for a service providing business. Thirdly, collecting information about my guests, finding out what they need preferences and those that are allergic to certain types of food. This gives my customers a feeling of importance which on the other hand makes them loyal customers. The personal connection I have employed really works for me. I canÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t lose them to other stakeholders in the market. Forth, in recruiting my employees I use the 51% solution method whereby, emotional skills for example; kindness, empathy and curiosity along with strong work ethics are the primary qualities for my candidates. This skill is great; I only employ people who will nurture superb Hospitality to my customers. For sure, my customers feel at home interacting with my employees hence the demand for my services remains outstanding. Another key thing is promotion of my services which has also earned me new customers thus increasing the demand. Here, I use local radio stations in voicing the goodness of my services. Supply: These are chiefly the products and services that a company or business offers to the market. My business offers products and services stipulated bellow. Food: I have majored in providing unique food that is basically cultural. The locals like this supply to embrace their own culture. For instance University students come from different localities with different cultures hence my restaurant gives them a chance to know and eat food from different parts of the country. Tourists on the other hand are eager to learn the diverse kinds of cultural food stuffs in the country. They also identify themselves with citizens by eating the food. Drinks: My restaurant provides soft, hard, traditional and exotic drinks. These drinks are good for refreshment all the time. Students are my immediate guests for they always come to the restaurant everyday for relaxing after classes. Tourists after a day full of ups and downs in the park come at evening hours to refresh themselves. Entertainment: There is a movie theater section, disco hall and a DSTV service section in my restaurant. This gives my customers all day long entertainment; movies are advertised and tickets sold in advance hence my customers have an easy time watching their movies. Discos are held once a week on Fridays, students love this. DSTV is most convenient to sportsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ funs especially soccer premier leagues across the globe. Accommodation: I have a lodging facility which is mainly used by the tourists that visit the park and businessmen who visit the city for business. Conference hall is available and it is vital for meetings. Different people appreciate using this facility. B.) Downtown CafÃƒ © has products that are both elastic and inelastic. Elastic products or service are those that have close substitutes as they can also be provided for by competitors. My cafÃƒ ©sÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ drinks and services are the most elastic ones for they can be acquired from any other hospitality service providing institution. Soft drinks like sodas, juices and mineral water can be obtained or found everywhere; in supermarkets, street shops and other restaurants and hotels across the city. I have no authority in controlling their prices. On the other hand, accommodation and entertainment are the most flooded markets. In order to earn much from this market segment you have to go an extra mile by perfecting your services to attract more customers. Inelastic products or services are those that have no close substitutes, they are unique to the provider and can not be provided for by any other person, institution or organization. My restaurantsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ food is exceptional in the city since there is no any other hotel or restaurant that delivers such product as cultural food to the market. Here I have won, I enjoy monopolistic kind of competition and my profit from this segment is high. C.) Price elasticity of demand is a measure of how responsive an increase in price of product and service affects the demand. ProductÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s and serviceÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s price elasticity of demand is determined by the following factors: Number of substitutes: When there are many close alternative products, when you increase the price of your product or service the customer can easily shift other substitutes. In the case of Downtown CafÃƒ ©, we cannot increase the prices of drinks, accommodation, and entertainment since there many hotels that provide the same. We can only increase the prices of foods without losing customers given that we are the sole providers of cultural foods in the city Lee (1998). Degree of necessity: If the product or service is a necessity the demand for it is difficult to change with increase in price. Food product is a necessity in my restaurant the demand for it is always constant and if there is any deviation, is a positive one. Price of the goods as a proportion of income: Items that account for a large proportion of income are more elastic compared to those that need/account for a small proportion of income. Food in Downtown CafÃƒ © is lowly priced and the demand for it is inelastic unlike drinks like bear which are highly priced McLaughlin (2006, P 54). D.) Explicit cost is direct money payments that a company or business incurs when paying for a factor or factors of production, these may be wages, interest rates, rent and capital. Downtown CafÃƒ © incurs explicit cost when paying wages to employees after rendering their services to the business, paying rent and taxes to the government and promotion costs to the radio stations. Implicit cost is opportunity cost related/associated with the use of firms own resources that measured in monetary terms but are not paid for directly in money. These are basically non-purchased inputs like capital, inventory and ownerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s resources. Downtown CafÃƒ © implicit costs were encountered when I used my own capital to buy entertainment equipments such as TV sets, Music system and DSTV camera. E.) Downtown CafÃƒ © has a perfect market competition. Perfect competition is a type of market where there are many firms that produce close substitute products or services into the market. Conversely, imperfect market competition is where there one or few firms that provide products or services to the market. Downtown restaurant exhibits perfect market structure in the service provision segment. Accommodation, entertainment, drinks and conferencing services are services that other hotels like Hilton, Stanley, Grand Regency and Nairobi Hotel also provide. This portion of the market is so tricky in that when you try to increase fees on accommodation, entertainment or conference services you stand a high chance of loosing customers to other players in the market. F.) Downtown CafÃƒ © anticipated total sales of $ 150,000, revenue of $ 90,000 and total operational cost of $ 60,000 per month. The firm is said to be at shutdown point when revenues are less than total cost or profit is less than average total cost. In the short run it is possible for a firm to make an economic profit because it is there are few providers or operators in the market. In this situation, revenue or price of the product or service is slightly high than the average cost. In the short run Downtown CafÃƒ © used to make hyper profits. This can be illustrated by the diagram below Stigler (2007). On the other hand, in the long run economic profit cannot be sustained it is impossible for the firm. The arrival of new competitors and expansion of the existing firms in the market causes the demand of individual firm to decrease. The prices of products decrease causing the marginal revenue and average revenue to equal. After a period of two years Downtown CafÃƒ © profits became constant and they equaled marginal revenue and average revenue. In the long run the cafÃƒ © made normal profits thus zero economic profit. This is illustrated in the diagram below Kreps (1990, P 36). REFERENCES Kreps, D. M. 1990. A Course in Microeconomic Theory, New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Lee, F.S.1998. Post-Keynesian Price Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McLaughlin, L.A. 2006.Money: The Business of Hospitality. London: Oxford University Press. Stigler J.G. 2007. Competition, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Ist edition, vol. 3, pp.Ã‚ 531Ã¢â‚¬â€œ46.

Sunday, May 10, 2020

Summary of The Trojan War A New History, by Barry Strauss

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

What is Ethics Free Essays

Ethics are standards that differentiate right and wrong and how people should conduct themselves. Ethics refer to standards that would prevent someone from doing something wrong, like murder for example. Is it ethical to commit murder? Society has deemed murder as an unacceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Ethics? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the same way ethics help to determine what are appropriate behavior at home, school, and the work place. How we interact with others can be considered ethical, treating others with respect, hospitality, sharing, and helping others in need would be considered good ethical behavior. Ethical standards also include virtues of honesty, compassion, and loyalty. The Virtue Theory The virtue theory deals with the individual, the expectation is to Ã¢â‚¬Å"cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do (Boylan, 2009). Ã¢â‚¬ It deals with the character of an individual. Qualities of a virtuous person would be considered an upstanding, trustworthy, dependable, and honest. In contrast an unethical person would be selfish, unreliable, devious, or careless. People are characterized as Ã¢â‚¬Å"goodÃ¢â‚¬ or Ã¢â‚¬Å"badÃ¢â‚¬ or a combination of both, it does not leave room for a good person to make a bad choice. Once a person commits an unacceptable act, he or she may be branded as a bad person even if they have high morals and ethics instead of a good person who made a bad decision. An example of this would be of a person who drinks and drives. This is bad choice and the consequences of this choice can lead to accidents and death, but does this mean that this is a bad person? More than likely there would be no negative consequence unless the person is caught or there is an accident causing physical or property damage. The Utilitarianism Theory Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that places right and wrong on the consequence of the action that will be for Ã¢â‚¬Å"the greatest good for the greatest numberÃ¢â‚¬ (Boylan, p. 133, 2009). The utilitarianism moves from the individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s interest and takes into account the interest of others. An example of this would be when a team member knows that another person is a better fit for a job and steps down so that person can take the lead, which would benefit the whole team in the process. An example of this that comes to mind is: during the plot to kill Jesus, John 11:49-50 Ã¢â‚¬Å"Caiaphas, being high priest that year, spoke up, you know nothing at all! You do not realize that it is better for you that one man should die for the people than the whole nation perish. Ã¢â‚¬ This is an example of the sacrifice of one to benefit the whole group or nationÃ¢â‚¬ (Ã¢â‚¬Å"Caiaphas Ã¢â‚¬â€œ High Priest Of The Jerusalem TempleÃ¢â‚¬ ). The Deontological Theory Deontological theory questions right and wrong by action instead of consequences. It is considered to be wrong when the action intentionally harms others. The deontological approach defines ethics as either right or wrong, there is little or no middle ground for exceptions (Ã¢â‚¬Å"Deontology Ethics,Ã¢â‚¬ 2008). With the utilitarianism theory it is acceptable to lie if it is to prevent hurting a person, with the deontological theory it is wrong to lie because it is a lie. Conclusion The similarities between the ethics theories concern the idea of right and wrong, and good and bad. The differences constitute on how they interpret right from wrong, and good from bad. With the virtue theory deals with the individual, whereas the utilitarianism focus on the group where actions are right when they provide the greatest good to the largest group. The deontology determines rightness by actions not the consequences; deontology is more of an absolute, stealing is wrong, lying is wrong, and murder is wrong, anything that causes harm to another person. All three theories have a place in present society and are used interactively without conscious effort. From a young age people are taught right from wrong from parents, teachers, church, and other people they come in contact with. How to cite What is Ethics?, Papers

Thursday, April 30, 2020

Jungle And The Rain Forest Essays - Forests, Habitats,

Jungle and The Rain Forest Jungle and rain forest are terms that are often used synonymously but with little precision. The more meaningful and restrictive of these terms is rain forest, which refers to the climax or primary forest in regions with high rainfall (greater than 1.8 m/70 in per year), chiefly but not exclusively found in the tropics. Rain forests are significant for their valuable timber resources, and in the tropics they afford sites for commercial crops such as rubber, tea, coffee, bananas, and sugarcane. They also include some of the last remaining areas of the Earth that are both unexploited economically and inadequately known scientifically. The term jungle originally referred to the tangled, brushy vegetation of lowlands in India, but it has come to be used for any type of tropical forest or woodland. The word is more meaningful if limited to the dense, scrubby vegetation that develops when primary rain forest has been degraded by destructive forms of logging or by cultivation followed by abandonment. Types of Rain Forest Rain forests may be grouped into two major types: tropical and temperate. Tropical rain forest is characterized by broadleaf evergreen trees forming a closed canopy, an abundance of vines and epiphytes (plants growing on the trees), a relatively open forest floor, and a very large number of species of both plant and animal life. The largest trees have buttressed trunks and emerge above the continuous canopy, while smaller trees commonly form a layer of more shade-tolerant species beneath the upper canopy. The maximum height of the upper canopy of tropical rain forests is generally about 30 to 50 m (100 to 165 ft), with some individual trees rising as high as 60 m (200 ft) above the forest floor. The largest areas of tropical rain forest are in the Amazon basin of South America, in the Congo basin and other lowland equatorial regions of Africa, and on both the mainland and the islands off Southeast Asia, where they are especially abundant on Sumatra and New Guinea. Small areas are found in Central America and along the Queensland coast of Australia. Temperate rain forests, growing in higher-latitude regions having wet, maritime climates, are less extensive than those of the tropics but include some of the most valuable timber in the world. Notable forests in this category are those on the northwest coast of North America, in southern Chile, in Tasmania, and in parts of southeastern Australia and New Zealand. These forests contain trees that may exceed in height those of tropical rain forests, but there is less diversity of species. Conifers such as REDWOOD and Sitka spruce tend to predominate in North America, while their counterparts in the southern hemisphere include various species of EUCALYPTUS, Araucaria, and Nothofagus (Antarctic beech). Ecology Rain forests cover less than six percent of the Earth's total land surface, but they are the home for up to three-fourths of all known species of plants and animals; undoubtedly they also contain many more species as yet undiscovered. Recent studies suggest that this great diversity of species is related to the apparently dynamic and unstable nature of rain forests over geologic time. The fact is that despite their appearance of fertile abundance, rain forests are fragile ecosystems. Their soils can quickly lose the ability to support most forms of vegetation once the forest cover is removed, and some soils even turn into hard LATERITE clay. The effect of forest removal on local climates is also often profound, although the role of rain forests in world climatic changes is not yet clear. Humans and Rain Forests Throughout history, human beings have encroached on rain forests for living space, timber, and agricultural purposes. In vast portions of upland tropical forest, for example, the practice of "shifting cultivation" has caused deterioration of the primary forest. In this primitive system of agriculture, trees are killed in small plots that are cropped for two or three seasons and then abandoned; if the plots are again cultivated before primary vegetation has reestablished itself, the result is a progressive deterioration of the forest, leading to coarse grass or jungle. Lowland forests are similarly being reduced in many areas; on the island of Java, the lowland primary forest has been almost totally removed and replaced with rice fields or plantation crops such as rubber. In the 20th century these incursions on rain forests have grown rapidly, and numerous organizations are now attempting to reduce the rate of the loss. Bibliography: Caufield, Catherine, In the Rainforest (1985); Forsyth, Adrian, and Miyata, Ken, Tropical Nature: Life and Death in the Rain Forests of Central and South America (1984); Sutton, S. L., et al., Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management

Saturday, March 21, 2020

Glow Stick Experiment - Rate of Chemical Reaction

Glow Stick Experiment - Rate of Chemical Reaction Who doesnt love playing with glow sticks? Grab a pair and use them to examine how temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions. Its good science, plus its helpful information for when you want to make a glow stick last longer or glow more brightly. Glow Stick Experiment Materials 3 Glow sticks (the short ones are idea, but you can use any size)Glass of ice waterGlass of hot waterÃ‚ How To Do the Glow Stick Experiment Yes, you can just activate the glow sticks, put them in the glasses, and see what happens, but that wouldnt be an experiment. Apply the scientific method: Make observations. Activate the three glow sticks by snapping them to break the container inside the tube and allowing the chemicals to mix. Does the temperature of the tube change when it starts to glow? What color is the glow? Its a good idea to write down observations.Make a prediction. Youre going to leave one glow stick at room temperature, place one in a glass of ice water, and place the third in a glass of hot water. What do you think will happen?Conduct the experiment. Note what time it is, in case you want to time how long each glow stick lasts. Place one stick in the cold water, one in the hot water, and leave the other at room temperature. If you like, use a thermometer to record the three temperatures.Take data. Note how brightly each tube glows. Are they all the same brightness? Which tube glows the most brightly? Which is the dimmest? If you have time, see how long each tube glows. Did they all glow the same length of time? Which lasted the longest? Which stopped glowin g first? You can even do math, to see how much longer one tube lasted compared with the other. Once you have completed the experiment, examine the data. You can make a table showing how brightly each stick glowed and how long it lasted. These are your results.Draw a conclusion. What happened? Did the outcome of the experiment support your prediction? Why do you think the glow sticks reacted to temperature the way they did? Glow Sticks and the Rate of Chemical Reaction A glow stick is an example of chemiluminescence. This means luminescence or light is produced as the result of a chemical reaction. Several factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction, including temperature, concentration of reactants, and the presence of other chemicals. Spoiler alert: This section tells you what happened and why. Increasing temperature typically increases the rate of the chemical reaction. Increasing temperature speeds up the motion of molecules, so they are more likely to bump into each other and react. In the case of glow sticks, this means a hotter temperature will make the glow stick glow more brightly. However, a faster reaction means it reaches completion more quickly, so placing a glow stick in a hot environment will shorten how long it lasts. On the other hand, you can slow down the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the temperature. If you chill a glow stick, it wont glow as brightly, but it will last much longer. You can use this information to help glow sticks last. When you are done with one, put it in the freezer to slow down its reaction. It may last until the next day, while a glow stick at room temperature would stop producing light. Are Glow Sticks Endothermic or Exothermic? Another experiment you can perform is to determine whether or not glow sticks are endothermic or exothermic. In other words, does the chemical reaction in a glow stick absorb heat (endothermic) or release heat (exothermic)? Its also possible the chemical reaction neither absorbs nor releases heat. You might assume that a glow stick releases heat because it releases energy in the form of light. To find out whether this is true, you need a sensitive thermometer. Measure the temperature of a glow stick before activating it. Measure the temperature once you crack the stick to start the chemical reaction. If the temperature increases, the reaction is exothermic. If it decreases, its endothermic. If you cant record a change, then the reaction is essentially neutral as far as thermal energy is concerned.

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

How to Define Atmosphere

How to Define Atmosphere The term atmosphere has multiple meanings in science: Atmosphere Definition Atmosphere refers to the gases surrounding a star or planetary body held in place by gravity. A body is more likely to retain an atmosphere over time if gravity is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. The composition of the Earths atmosphere is about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, with water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases. The atmospheres of other planets have a different composition. The composition of the Suns atmosphere consists of about 71.1 percent hydrogen, 27.4 percent helium, and 1.5 percent other elements. Atmosphere Unit An atmosphere is also a unit of pressure. One atmosphere (1 atm) is defined to be equal to 101,325 Pascals. A reference or standard pressure is commonly 1 atm. In other cases, Standard Temperature and Pressure or STP is used.

Monday, February 17, 2020

Two Events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Events - Essay Example It acted as a wakeup call for USA to defend its citizens. The following paper looks at the above two events and how they have contributed to the current state of America. Attack on Pearl Harbor On 7th December 1941, the United States of America was intentionally and abruptly ambushed by the air and naval forces of the Japan Empire. The location of the bombing and sinking of American ships was the Pearl Harbor Naval and Army base in Oahu, Hawaii. The US eventually entered World War II due to this homeland assault (Takaki, 2008). I believe that the effects of Pearl Harbor were mostly positive for Americans. Even though the attack terrified the nation, it also united a nation that had been divided due to the war in Europe. After the attack, there were various drives launched such as scrapped iron drive, united paper drives and recycled items. These were used to make items vital for the war such as machine guns, flame throwers, binoculars, and hand grenades. Even the youngest were helpfu l as school children had coin drives in which they gathered coins to purchase war bonds to support the government (Dower, 2011). The second positive effect is that it assisted in ending the Great Depression which had started in 1929. It brought a great need for an industry that provides materials for war-times like ammunition, guns and uniforms for the troops. At the end of the war, citizens purchased all they could not during the war period. There was also a decrease in the rate of unemployment as ten million men and women joined the army while those left at home took jobs in factories. Another positive outcome was that as a resolution not to permit a repeat of World War II, the United Nations was born. The Senate that had declined to sanction the membership of America in the League of Nations following World War I, eventually irresistibly sanctioned US membership in the UN after World War II (Stone, & Kuznick, 2012). There however were some negative elements of the attack in that over 2000 citizens died and 21 ships were sank or damaged seriously. Japanese-American citizens were placed in relocation camps as a measure to ensure that there was no risk of a Japanese descendant acting as a spy for Japan (Takaki, 2008). They were forcefully evicted from their homes within 48 hours and lived in poor conditions. However, in 1988, congress gave a formal apology to the affected and gave the survivors compensations of $20,000 each (Stone, & Kuznick, 2012). After this gesture, America has now turned to be one of the most democratic nations in the world. Its citizens and government became more appreciative to human rights of foreigners and citizens. Conclusion It is clear that if we forget the past then we are bound to repeat its mistakes. The two attacks, even though devastating, shaped USA in their own capacities. They served to bring the nation together in times of crisis. We would not be the strong united superpower we are today without such occurrences. As a count ry, we should take precautionary measures in future and also arrest perpetrators of such attacks while still maintaining socially correct honor to the opinions and rights of mankind. It is right for us as a country to defend ourselves against future attacks but we should do so without destroying our civil rights and values as we do. References Didion, J. (2003). Fixed Ideas: America Since 9.11. New York: New York Review Books. Dower, J. W. (2011). Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 /

Monday, February 3, 2020

Chapter 1 Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter 1 Summary - Essay Example 2), people who argue in favor of heterosexual and homosexual cohabitate relations tend to define marriage as a mere Ã¢â‚¬Å"union between peopleÃ¢â‚¬ whether it is legally recognized or not. A family is understood as a group of people Ã¢â‚¬Ëœrelated by blood, marriage or adoptionÃ¢â‚¬ ; however, most of the Americans tend to accept the broader definition of family where cohabitation also is accepted (Schwartz & Scott, 2010, p. 3). The types of families in America vary from family of orientation, family of procreation, nuclear family to extended or multigenerational family. Racially and ethnically mixed families, lesbian and gay families and foster families do exist in America. The authors argue that factors such as race, class, ethnicity and gender have caused large amount of social, political and economic inequalities among families in the nation and as a result many families feel themselves as inferior. The social functions that families serve include Ã¢â‚¬Å"regulation of sexual behaviour, reproduction, social placement, socialization, economic cooperation and the provision of care, protection and intimacy for family membersÃ¢â‚¬ (Schwartz & Scott, 2010, p. 5). There exists contradiction between the traditional family values and those propagated by educational systems. The breakdown of families and moral decay would result in most contemporary social ills such as HIV/AIDS, divorce, drug abuse and violence and the growing number of divorces, lesbian gay relations, unmarried mothers and incest add to these contrasting views on marriage. Studies and researches have shown that the concept of family life in America is very much clouded by myths. According to the authors, these myths, though they sound to be Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdysfunctional or dangerousÃ¢â‚¬â„¢, are Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmiddle-class mythsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ that are propagated by the mass media (Schwartz & Scott, 2010, p. 9). The major four debunking myths are discussed below: The concept of universal nuclear family found wide acceptance in the 1950s and 1960s. The

Sunday, January 26, 2020

How Important And Relevant Is Mertons Strain Theory?

How Important And Relevant Is Mertons Strain Theory? In this essay I will analyse the importance and relevance of a structional functionalist view of deviance seen through the lens of strain theory and a symbolic interactionalist perspective through the use of labelling theory. Strain Theory attempts to explain why crime is resolute amongst the lower classes who are subjected to the least opportunities for economic achievement (O Connor 2007). It focuses on the positions that individuals occupy in a social system, not on the characteristics of the individual. Labeling theory explains why sustained delinquent behaviour stems from destructive social interactions and encounters (Siegel Welsh 2008). These theories work in harmony as the former theory explains why deviance begins and the latter gives an explanation as to why deviance continues through the lifespan. I will be describing and evaluating these theories to further answer the question of: just how important are these two theories for the understanding deviance? The sociology of deviance is the systematic study of social norm violation that is subject to social sanction according to (Henry 2009 p.1). Deviant behaviour is behaviour that does not follow common perceptions, when people are deviant they do not conform to expectations. It is difficult to give an exact definition of deviance as many major theorists have cast a vast variety of perspectives on what it really is. Some sociologists believe that deviance is the violation of any social rule, whereas other sociologists argue that deviance does not have to be a real behaviour for it to be labelled deviant (Thio, Calhoun Conyers 2008). Downes Rock (2003) state that deviance is everywhere and not only that but it leaves traces everywhere. Theories of deviance are rarely catapulted into political settings to be accepted or rejected in their entirety; rather they trickle in from many sources. The influence of ideas is always changing due to the instability of political circumstances (Downs Rock 2003). The increase in deviance may be due to the fact that people are confused about the correct values and morals to hold. As a result of this ever evolving world there are new variations of deviant behaviour occurring on a daily basis, ranging from minor violations of the law such as not paying a television licence to major deviance like abuse scandals in regard to the Catholic Church. These acts are considered to be deviant as they are acts which the rest of society deems as unacceptable (Tierney 2006). Traditional values such as religious views have been shattered to pieces because of ongoing scandals in the Catholic Church. Individual pursuits drive people; religion has no impact on the expected standards of people in todays materialist driven society, which in turn leads to an increase in deviant behaviours. The Functionalist perspective stems from the work of Durkheim who believed that peoples social roles or functions hold society together (Flynn 2009). In contrast to this is the Symbolic interaction approach where the emphasis is on the way people construct the meaning of others acts (Becker McCall 1990). Durkheim believed that crime is not only functional but it is necessary, it only become dysfunctional if the rates are either too high or too low (Covington 1999). The functionalist analysis of deviance begins with society as a whole; it looks for the source of deviance in the nature of society rather than in the psychological nature of the individual. Durkheim believes society is held together by shared values, and if these values are not constantly reaffirmed through the generations it may signify the collapse of society. One may put forward the argument that shared values are not a fundamental part of society today. It proves difficult to reaffirm values through generations when the family when parents are working long hours. Parental influence over children has declined; due to this children seek values from available sources such as the television or internet, resulting in the promotion of materialistic values which are in turn the norms today. If the community collapsed, and the collective conscience failed the result was a state of anomie (Covington 1999). In essence anomie represents the problems in society caused by social deregulation. Merton developed an anomie theory based on Durkheims earlier work which referred to a deinstitutionalization of norms that happens when there is a disjunction between the importance of cultural goals and institutional means (Featherstone Deflem 2003). Mertons strain theory argues that structures in society may encourage deviance and crime, it is a structural functionalist explanation. Functionalist theories offers the basis for policies that are wide-ranging in their scope (Downes Rock 2003), however Gouldner (1970) believes that Functionalism thinks of systems as mutually interacting variables rather than in terms of cause and effect, thus one may infer that it is impossible to implement policy to stop a particular effect if the cause is not highlighted. Theories of deviance are extremely important as Downes Rock (2003) believe that all theories of deviance have implications for policy making. That said however the ease of implementation of polices may prove difficult. For example doing something about anomie would be far more difficult than tackling vandalism by technical means (Downes Rock p. 317 2003) However, Mertons anomie theory is of great relevance to the realm of policy as it infers a definite cause and effect statement relating to the disjunction between goals and means (Downes Rock 2003). The main principle of Social Strain Theory is that some social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in society to engage in non-conforming rather than conforming conduct (Thio, Calhoun Conyers 2008 p.33). This is not to say that certain social structures leave the individual with no other choice but to turn to crime, rather inadequate regulation leaves the individual with a different perspective on means to financial gain. I agree that this system is a great source of inequality and subsequent deviance in our society today that the less powerful groups are labelled so negatively and punished severely. Every crime should be treated in the same manner, regardless of whether they are from an underprivileged area or a high flying business person. An impact of cycle of deficient regulation may also be seen in Beckers Labelling theory. This theory was greatly influenced by the symbolic interaction approach as it is people who determine and give meaning to labels. The justice system operates on behalf of powerful groups in society; hence one has to ask the question what behaviours are criminal? The two strands of this theory are a concern to address how a particular behaviour comes to be labelled as deviant and secondly what is the impact of this label. (Becker p.9 1963) states that The deviant is one whom that label has been successfully applied: deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label. In relation to deviance Labelling theory places the importance on the reaction to behaviour not the behaviour itself (Macionis Plummer 2007). It was this belief that leads Becker to place labels on types of behaviour, but who are the people labelled as deviant in society. To put it simply, labelling theory is concerned with what happens to criminals after they have been labelled, also suggesting that actual crime rates may be heightened by criminal sanctions. Unlike the Functionalist perspective, Symbolic Interaction is concerned with the process that underline social life and consequently the mechanisms by which meanings are given to those processes. It centres on the creativity capacity of humans and their ability to share interactions with others (Walklate 2007). In relation to deviance it is concerned with how certain behaviours come to be understood as deviant. Becker argued that behaviours of less powerful groups for example the poor, or disadvantaged are more likely to be criminalized than those who are privileged such as the white and wealthy. This happens because there is an assumption that crime is a social label along with the creation of law which are made by people in positions of power and enforced on people without power (Hopkins Burke 2002). The judicial system criminalizes less dominant and less powerful member of society, thus Becker argues that some rules may be cynically designed to keep the less powerful in their place (Hopkins Burke p.137 2002). Becker (1963) disagreed with the notion that those who break the law will be labelled as a criminal. He brought our attention to the fact that in many cases the innocent are accused, along with this only some of those who break the law are punished and brought through the system (Hopkins Burke 2002). Becker used a concept developed by Merton called the self fulfilling prophecy which is what labelling theory is most widely known for. When a situation is given a false definition it evokes a new behaviour in the person which as a result makes the false assumption comes through (Hopkins Burke p.142 2002). Becker felt that most criminals were in the first place falsely defined as a criminal, not only are their actions defined by society as deviant, the label is then extended to them as a person (Hopkins Burke 2002). Mertons concept of strain refers to pressure the lower economic classes feel when they try to achieve societys goals of monetary success (Flynn 2009). Merton felt that in society, people were focused on achieving high financial success which although exceptionally productive on one hand, on the other was a direct source of stress and strain for the individual (Cohen 1966). In effect there is a distortion between culturally induced aspirations for economic success and structurally distributed possibilities of achievement. This is in accordance with labeling theory view where the people who commit deviant acts are probably under strain from society to achieve monetary success. An example of this would be in relation to higher education, people without the means or cultural knowledge to aspire to respected professions are more likely to engage in deviant behaviour than those with access to achieving their goals (Flynn 2009). Within labelling theory there are two important concepts, those of primary deviance and secondary deviance. Merton thinks that the sense of strain that men feel is an accumulation of frustration, despair and injustice (Cohen 1966). Structural and Individual strain are the two main types of strain in society that promote deviance and crime. The former refers to the cycle of deficient regulation in society that has a negative impact on how an individual evaluates their needs, means and opportunities (Flynn 2009). The latter concept is defined by OConnor (2007) as frictions and pains experienced by the individual as they look for ways to meet their needs. Primary deviance in labeling theory involves acts committed by someone without a criminal identity such as an underage drinker. This act provokes little reaction from others around us, therefore it does not have any impact on the persons self concept (Macionis Plummer 2007). Secondary deviance develops through peoples actions towards the person committing the deviant act they may be pushed away and stigmatized making the crime worse, it is caused by the criminal label (Hopkins Burke 2002). It evolves from primary deviance being labelled, which is more likely to happen if you are from a less powerful group (Macionis Plummer 2007), thus mirrors Mertons argument about distortion between economic success and possibility of achievement (Flynn 2009). Merton noted that there were five possible responses or adaptations to strain that happen when people are not in a position to legally attain internalised social goals (Hopkins Burke p.107 2002). This is a perfect example of how labels are the cause of further deviant behaviour. Durkheim and Merton are one in believing that strain results in deviant behaviour, however Durkheim felt the main causes of strain were changes in society. Adapting through conformity is a self explanatory explanation whereby people both the cultural gaols of society and the means of achieving them (Burke 2002), this ensures the continuality and stability of society (Thio, Calhoun Conyers 2008), people do not break laws when achieving their means. Retreatism is considered the most uncommon adaptation by Merton, they reject social goals and the means to attain them (Hopkins Burke 2002), their behaviour is not normal and are considered true aliens (Thio, Calhoun Conyers p.37 2008). Ritualism is similar to conforming behaviour; they adhere to rules for their own sake with an emphasis on means of achievement rather than outcome goals (Hopkins Burke 2002). Innovation is a response to the pressure placed on the individual for success. The innovator embarks on novel routes to achieve success due to barriers for them to achieve success by socially approved means. They have the potential to be seen as deviant (Hopkins Burke 2002), as they engage in illegal means to achieve success. The final response is rebellion, whereby people not only reject but also want to change the existing social system and its goals (Hopkins Burke 2002). The very word rebellion connotes negative meaning thus showing the existence of labeling and stigma as used by Merton. People are stereotyped as being incapable of following normal behaviour and the general population treats them differently, resulting in discrimination in employment, and in many other areas of social life The internalization of labels by offenders may very well produce a career in criminality because of the negative reactions they receive (Hopkins Burke 2002). However, in contrast as Merton argued Cohen agreed that the root cause of the original emergence of delinquent behaviour was the economic pursuit of money success (Downes Rock 2003). A lot of labels come about through the stigmatization of a particular behaviour. Stigma is powerful negative label that has the potential to radically change a persons self concept (Macionis Plummer 2007), thus it is an influential force in the field of labelling. Slattery (2003) notes that a stigma can either be ascribed or achieved, you can be born with one or earn one. Similar to this is strain theories focus on negative relations between people, focusing on how the individual is not treated as they would like to be treated (Agnew 2002). Labelling theory has several limitations; firstly because labelling is very relative it does not take into account some behaviour like murder which is condemned virtually everywhere. Consequently it is most useful to apply to less serious behaviours like youth vandalism. Secondly, labelling may be seen in two ways- it could encourage more criminal behaviour of it could curb it because of people do not like to have a stigma attached to them. (Macionis Plummer 2007). Finally another limitation of labelling theory is that it does not tell us what are the root causes of primary deviance so how do these people become deviant in the first place? They cannot be labelled deviant if they have not engaged in that type of behaviour. Both labeling and strain theory emphasize the role society has to play in crime. Deviance is shaped in its transactions with events and people around it. Labelling theorists in particular have occupied themselves with the workings of the social reaction to deviance (Downes Rock 2003). Dissimilar to this is Durkheims perspective of deviance as performing functions that are essential to society through, encouraging social change, promoting social unity by responding to deviance, clarifying moral boundaries and affirming cultural norms and values (Macionis Plummer 2007). Sumner (1994) argued that deviance is not applicable to sociology today. He believes that the sociology of deviance died in 1975. Similarly Miller, Wright and Dannels (2001) claim to find empirical support for it and signify the death of deviance in respect to the world today. However, on the other hand Goode (2002) claims that at a certain stage in its history, the sociology of deviance developed a large number of ideas, concepts, and theories that influenced related fields. These ideas included: stigma which influenced disability and transgender studies, anomie in social theory, labelling in ethnic studies and the sociology of the underdog in queer theory. Regardless of the fact that sociology of deviance did not create these concepts, the field did help project them onto the intellectual map. Goode concludes that The social construction of deviance is once again controversial, relevant, central to our lives, and fundamental to our understanding of todays world (Goode 2002). I must agree with this statement as not a day goes by without some type of crime or deviant behaviour brought to our attention. Cohen (1966) believes that rules in everyday life provide a blueprint for every human gesture; consequently every rule then creates potentiality for deviance. However, as mentioned previously- are we really all aware of societal norms and values? I believe that society today has failed to provide a blueprint or clear rules for people to live by, hence leading to the unprecedented rates of crime and social deviance. Strain theory and labelling theory do not pay much attention to psychological factors involved in deviant behaviour, this is a limitation to both I feel. I would question the generalizability of strain theory as it emphasises the focus of materialism for society today. However, much crime is committed by people who simply want to get by in life, to survive. They feel they have no other option but to commit crime to put food on the table. Crime may not necessarily be about reaching the top in society, it may just be about getting by. Labeling theory is a lot more individual in its focus; it is more concerned with peoples reactions when placed in a designated role by society.